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The were an array of economic policies introduced in 1842 by the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan.〔In the name "''Tenpō'' Reforms," the noun "''Tenpō''" refers to the ''nengō'' (Japanese era name) after "''Bunsei''" and before "''Kōka''." In other words, the ''Tenpō'' Reforms occurred during ''Tenpō'', which was a time period spanning the years from 1830 through 1844.〕 These reforms were efforts to resolve perceived problems in military, economic, agricultural, financial and religious systems.〔Hall, John Whitney ''et al.'' (1991). ( ''Early Modern Japan: The Cambridge History of Japan,'' p. 21. )〕 The changes were intended to address problems in local politics, but they were also addressed more broadly to "domestic uneasiness." The perceived need for change led to the arrest of many prominent political figures and writers. The reforms became a precursor of reforms initiated after the Meiji Restoration two decades later. The Tenpō Reforms were mostly instituted by Mizuno Tadakuni. Notably, the restrictions on entertainment were enforced solely by him and when he was removed from government in 1845, they ceased to be enforced. New coinage was issued; and commodity price controls were lifted. Immigration to Edo was prohibited and the formation of societies was also banned. Rangaku (Dutch Learning) was banned. An annual calendar (''nenchuu gyouji'') was set up during this period to bring order to Japanese society. Families were required to register themselves at the nearest Shinto shrine annually on the 16th of the first and seventh months. A Shinto festival (''muramura jingi''), meeting (''jingi kasihuu'') or pilgrimage (''muramura kamimoude'') was scheduled once a month. The popular Obon festival was rewritten as ''Sensosai'', the Ancestor Festival, and held twice a year. Buddhism was written out of this religious calendar; the government revoked its support for existing Buddhist institutions.〔Ketelaar, James Edward. (1990). ( ''Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan: Buddhism and Its Persecution,'' pp. 52-53. )〕 This reform movement was accompanied by three others during the Edo period, the Kyōhō reforms (1716-1736), the Kansei reforms of the 1790s and the Keiō Reforms, 1866-1867.〔Traugott, Mark. (1995). ( ''Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action,'' p. 147. )〕 ==Chronology== The shogunate's interventions were only partly successful. Intervening factors like earthquakes, famine and other disasters exacerbated some of the conditions which the shogun intended to ameliorate. * July 20, 1835 (''Tenpō 6, 14th day of the 6th month''): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 37.900/Longitude: 141.900), 7.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.〔Online "Significant Earthquake Database", U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)〕(...Click link to NOAA/Japan: Significant Earthquake Database ) * April 25, 1843 (''Tenpō 14, 26th day of the 3rd month''): Earthquake in Yezo, Kushiro, Nemuro (Latitude: 41.800/Longitude: 144.800), 8.4 magnitude on the Richter Scale.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tenpō Reforms」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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